The February 2013 issue of Primate Update featured an article on Speciesism- the belief that our species is superior to all other life forms. (http://www.pacificprimate.org/talk.php). Here we examine the Laboratory Research industry, where Speciesism has allowed pain and misery to be inflicted upon our fellow beings.
Speciesism in the Research Industry
Many of the primates at PPS have been given refuge from research laboratories. There are over 1100 U.S. facilities that test or experiment on animals. According to USDA reports, 1,131,076 animals were used for scientific research in 2009: of those 124,417 were nonhuman primates. The total number of animals used in research, is however grossly misleading- in 1976 an amendment to the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) stated that rats, mice, birds, horses, and farm animals were specifically excluded from the AWA laws and thus do not have to be reported. As these species make up 95% of the animals used in research, it is estimated that 100 million animals are being used in research every year in the United States.
Animals in research laboratories are often subjected to tests involving addictive drugs, isolation, water deprivation, and exposure to chemical and biological toxins. The AWA does not place any real restrictions on what can be done during an experiment– in fact the law states: Nothing in this chapter... shall be construed as authorizing the Secretary to promulgate (make) rules, regulations, or orders with regard to the design, outlines, or guidelines of actual research or experimentation by a research facility as determined by such research facility;. In essence, anything can be done to the animals in the name of the experiment- the only things that are guided by the Animal Welfare Act are housing, feeding, watering, procurement, and transport of animals. So, what does that entail? Cages size regulations establish a legal minimum, which is the standard adopted by many labs. These sizes are based on the weight of the animal. For example, a 22-pound monkey is allotted 4.3 square feet. Chimpanzees are allowed a minimum of 5′ x 5′ x 7′ of space. To put this into perspective, imagine living in a space that is only large enough for you to stand up and take a few steps in any direction. Many of these animals spend their lives in these tiny cages, never given the opportunity to feel sunshine, rain or the wind in their fur, and often living in isolation. AWA requirements also stipulate that animals must be provided with adequate food and water, however many laboratories repeatedly restrict access to water or food (basic necessities) in order get the animals to perform tasks. This is not even considered to be a violation of the Animal Welfare Act.
Minimal as these requirements are, further suffering occurs from violations to the AWA. Federal Violation summaries reveal that overall U.S. labs broke the law 1,000 times in one year affecting 24,429 animals. Violations included: deaths caused by starvation, boiling primates in cage washers, administering unapproved toxic chemicals, and inadequate veterinary care.
The debate as to whether animals should be used in research is a highly charged one. Proponents state that animal testing is necessary to finding cures for diseases and protecting humans. However, increasing numbers of physicians and scientists are challenging this claim. In fact, in a survey done in England in 2004, 82% of general practitioners said they were concerned that animal data can be misleading when applied to humans.
According to the Medical Research Modernization Committee (MRMC), a group of physicians, scientists and other health care professionals who evaluate the benefits, risks and costs of different health care and medical research method, there is much evidence to support the fact that animal experimentation is insufficient and unreliable. The widely prescribed arthritis painkiller Vioxx appeared safe and even beneficial to the heart in animal tests, but was withdrawn from the market after causing an estimated 320,000 heart attacks, strokes and cases of heart failure worldwide – 140,000 of them fatal. In London in March 2006, a new anti-inflammatory drug called TGN1412 caused devastating reactions including multiple organ failure in all six volunteers in phase 1 clinical trials, despite “proof of safety” established by tests on monkeys who were given 500 times the human dose. In fact, when the MRMC did a survey of ten randomly chosen animal models of human disease- not even one revealed any important contributions to human health.
There are a variety of nonanimal methods that can be used by the research industry. These include Epidemiology (Human Population Studies), patient studies, autopsies and biopsies, computer modeling and microdosing. Many of these options are proving to be far more effective than animal testing. One can only hope that, with increased awareness and advances in science, we will one day soon see an end to animal experimentation.
Every day at Pacific Primate Sanctuary we see the results of animal suffering and abuse. Monkeys have come to us in varying states of distress- missing teeth, fingers and toes, traumatized, afraid, silent and even on death’s door- dying in our hands upon arrival. Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s immediate goal is to end the suffering of some of our fellow beings and return them to a natural state of equilibrium. We strive to provide the optimal environment and devoted care giving so this can occur. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary "surplus" laboratory primates, ex-pets and those confiscated from smugglers will never have to endure pain and exploitation.
You can make a difference by not buying products from companies that test on animals. Below is a short list of Cruelty Free Companies that do not utilize animals for testing
For a complete listing please see http://www.leapingbunny.org/images/cciclist.pdf
References:
http://all-creatures.org/saen/fact-primate-09.html
http://mrmcmed.org/Critcv.html
http://www.curedisease.net/news/040903.shtml
http://harvardmagazine.com/1999/01/mice.html
http://www.kirotv.com/news/15189249/detail.html
Pacific Primate Sanctuary is a small community, made up of about 15 volunteers, doing a big job. We spend very little on fund-raising and administration. We grow most of the fruits and vegetables to feed the monkeys, and the plants to enhance their habitats and enrich their lives. Down to Earth, a health food store donates produce, dairy, grains and nuts, and Aloha to the monkeys weekly. Local businesses give us discounts on goods and services, and our veterinarians donate much of their time and expertise to PPS.
The monkeys depend upon the support of compassionate people for their survival. Please help the Sanctuary protect the lives of these threatened beings and preserve their species.
Below are several ways that you can become a partner in our life-saving work.
Gift Contributions
Gift Contributions Certificates are a unique and meaningful gift for birthdays, anniversaries, special occasions or just because! Gift Recipients will receive a beautiful Contribution Certificate showing you have made a donation in their name, along with information about PPS. This thoughtful and significant gift helps to feed and care for threatened, endangered and distressed primates. Please see our website for details:http://www.pacificprimate.org/help.htm
Donating to Pacific Primate Sanctuary can be as simple as an Internet search!
GoodSearch.com has a variety of ways for you to support PPS, all without any additional cost to you! Use their yahoo based search engine, and we get a penny for each search you do. Shop online at hundreds of stores, and a portion of each purchase will be donated to PPS. There is also a dining club, online surveys and online offers. Going on Vacation? Book your flight, hotel, and rental car through GoodTravel. Go to GoodSearch.com, select Pacific Primate Sanctuary as your charity of choice, and start exploring the opportunities! Want to see how much you are helping? Create an account and you can keep track of your donations.
Spread the Word
One great way for you to support the monkeys at Pacific Primate Sanctuary is by sharing information about our refuge with others. Pass this E-Newsletter on to your family and friends and encourage them to “Like” us on Facebook— http://www.facebook.com/PacificPrimateSanctuary
Volunteer Your Time
We are currently in need of more local volunteers! We need Animal Caregivers, Support Staff, Handy people, and Gardeners/Landscapers. Retirees are welcome. If you live on Maui and are interested in becoming one of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s Angels, by volunteering your time and skills, please e-mail us at pps@aloha.net
Mobile Donations
Donating to Pacific Primate Sanctuary just got even easier with our new mobile giving page! Click on the following link on your mobile device, and you can quickly and effortlessly make a contribution to our cause. https://www.paypal-donations.com/pp-charity/web.us/charity_m.jsp?id=41132
Fund a Special Project
Interested in donating to a specific aspect of our work? Pacific Primate Sanctuary is currently raising money to fund our Internship Program, build more Jungle Walkways, purchase Alternative Energy Systems, and we are always in need of funds for General Operations.
Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s Wish List
You can contribute to the monkeys by donating much needed items, including:
-commercial power washer -high quality microscope
- heavy-duty weed eater -gram staining supplies
-gardening supplies & equipment -sewing machine
-small handheld vacuum -construction tools
Please contact us at pps@aloha.net if you have an item you wish to donate!
How to Donate Directly
We deeply appreciate your continued partnership. You, and your family and friends, can make tax-deductible donations to the Sanctuary on our Website: www.pacificprimate.org and on FaceBook, using PayPal, or by sending a check to:
Introducing our future PPS Intern, Shanika
Shanika will be joining Team PPS as a Resident Intern starting in July, and will be traveling to Maui from England. She has a background in animal care, including over 2 years as a primate caregiver, and 1 year as a veterinary nurse. Shanika first heard about the Internship over a year ago and has been working and saving to come and join us ever since. Shanika is a knowledgeable and dedicated individual, and we know she will be a valuable addition to our Team.
Shanika writes:
…I am very honoured to have been chosen for the internship at Pacific Primate Sanctuary from July 2013 to July 2014.
I am a primate carer at heart. Although I have done many other jobs, I am happiest when I am looking after primates and I have been looking for an opportunity to work at such a caring and compassionate place for a long time.
My passion for primates began 7 years ago, when studying behaviour of Sulawesi crested macaques for my dissertation. I find primate interaction and social bonds fascinating and could watch them all day! I am very dedicated to primate conservation and welfare. As well as my dissertation I have studied Purple faced langur monkeys in Sri-Lanka and am currently working on a paper to educate the local people about the desperate need for zoo legislation in the country.
I have 2 1/2 years of primate keeper experience at Howletts wild animal park… I have worked with tamarins previously and I have a basic knowledge of their husbandry and behaviour…
As well as keeper and behavioural study experience, I have a degree in zoology and a year's veterinary nursing experience. My degree has taught me about animal conservation, husbandry and also zoo legislation. From nursing, I am able to fit catheters, administer injections and medication and also monitor animals under anesthetic. I have also been involved in training a diabetic Moloch gibbon to receive insulin injections and have helped to hand rear a Moloch gibbon and Dusky langur infant so if the situation arises I have experience in this department which could potentially be beneficial to you. I am also knowledgeable about primate introductions and moving.
I believe I can learn so much about the animals during my internship…. I wish to learn not only about their husbandry but also to know animals’ individual characteristics and personalities. During my time at PPS I hope to develop as a person and learn skills to make me a more developed and knowledgeable primate caregiver.
I am very dedicated to primate conservation and welfare and I hope to bring all that I have learnt over the past 7 years to your team. Thank you so much for giving me the opportunity to join your amazing team!
Special Topic: Intern Rachel- Marmosets and Tamarins
Ecological differentiation in the Callitrichidae Ferrari, Stephen F.
People often ask about the differences between marmosets and tamarins. The most basic feature that is used to distinguish between marmosets of the genus Callithrix and tamarins of the genus Saguinus is their dentition. The incisors of marmosets are enlarged, so that they are the same length as the canines. Marmosets actively stimulate tree exudate (gum) flow by biting trees with their anterior teeth. This type of biting behavior is called gouging. Seasonally, exudates comprise a significant part of the marmoset diet suggesting the possibility of natural selective and/or functional adaptive changes related to this feeding behavior. In contrast, the canine teeth of tamarins are longer than the incisors, which means that they can inflict a deeper bite but do not possess the specialized teeth for gouging. Tamarins do feed on exudates but must do so opportunistically.
Body size is also a differentiator. Generally, tamarins are larger then marmosets. The smallest tamarins are the saddleback tamarins, which are about the same size as most marmosets. It is thought that the process of dwarfism characterizes the evolutionary history of the whole family. The general thought is that the common ancestor of all Callitrichids would have been a similar size to the largest present day tamarins.
Marmosets are in the genus Callithrix. Some species overlap in certain regions in South America, resulting in intergrades or hybrids. For example, the black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and the white-tufted marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) overlap in an area in southern Bahia. A marmoset in the overlapping area may be considered a hybrid, a sub-species, or a separate species, Callithrix kuhli. There are hybrids between other Callithrix species, as well. The Geoffroy's marmoset (C geoffroyi) also shows intergrades between C penicillata and C jacchus, where the ranges overlap. Other marmosets include the pygmy marmoset, (C pygmaea), C aurita, C flaviceps, C argentata, C humeralifer, C mauesi, and C nigriceps. The Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldi) has its own genus and species, and it is quite different from the Callithrix group as it usually has only one offspring at a time as opposed to twins, and has many anatomical and physiological differences as well.
Most of the tamarins are members of the genus Saguinus. The red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas) is threatened in its range in Surinam. The cotton-topped tamarin (S oedipus) is endangered, as defined by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Geoffroy's tamarin (S geoffroyi) is also endangered. The moustache tamarin (S mystax) is primarily black, with white hair on the upper lip, which creates a moustache-type appearance. Other tamarins are the saddle-backed tamarin (S fuscicollis) and the white-mouthed tamarin (S nigricollis, S labiatus, and S bicolor), the well-known golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), black lion tamarin, (L chrysopygus), black-faced lion tamarin, (L caissara), and the golden headed lion tamarin, (L chrysomelas).
We house cotton-top tamarins and one saddleback tamarins here at the Sanctuary. We also house white-tufted, black-tufted and Weid’s marmosets.
-Rylands, A.B. Marmosets and Tamarins. Systematics, Behavior, and Ecology. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Special Topic: Intern Edie
Enrichment: What is it and why is it important for captive exotics?
As caretakers it is our responsibility to identify and satisfy the physiological, behavioral and psychological needs of those animals in our care. Through proper husbandry and a maintained standard we can provide for the physiological needs. Psychological care is also incredibly important for the maintenance, health and well being of captive exotics. By presenting animals with a healthy stimulating environment we can minimize or diminish stereotypical behaviors. Stereotypical behaviors can include repetitive or abnormal behaviors, or can be naturally occurring behaviors that are not exhibited with normal variation. Low sensory input levels hinder normal behavioral patterns and the lack of sensory input can lead to the development of stereotypical behaviors or behavioral pathologies. (Mallapur, A., Choudhury, B.C. (2003) Stereotypical behaviors commonly seen in primates include repetitive stereotyped movements, self-mutilation, abnormal maternal care, and regurgitation.
We can provide a stimulating healthy environment for captive animals through the use of behavioral enrichment (BE) also known as environmental enrichment. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) uses the following definition to define enrichment as a “dynamic process for enhancing animal environments within the context of the animals’ behavioral biology and natural history.” (AZA, 2009) Enrichment contributes to psychological health by allowing us the ability to manipulate the animal’s captive environment in a way that would allow the animal the opportunity to exhibit or mimic natural specie specific behaviors. The goal of these environmental changes is to increase the animal’s behavioral choices, elicit species appropriate behaviors and in effect enhance animal welfare. (AZA, 2009) Behavioral enrichment makes the captive environment more variable and less predictable and helps to stimulate appropriate levels of activity and expression of natural behaviors and in turn help minimize the expression of stereotypical behaviors. There are five recognized categories of enrichment: Physical, Sensory, Social, Food, Cognitive. (The Shape of Enrichment, 2013) These categories are utilized to enhance the behavioral, physical, social, cognitive, and psychological well being of the animals. (AZA, 2009) They should be utilized in a holistic manner with overlap for a successful enrichment plan (The Shape of Enrichment, 2013).
The following chart is from The Shape of Enrichment LLC. Website (2013)
In order to effectively provide for the animals’ needs we must be knowledgeable on both the natural and individual histories of the species in our care. The natural history of a species refers to the specie’s characteristics. Are they arboreal or terrestrial, nocturnal or diurnal, foragers or predators etc. When designing and implementing enrichment you must take into account the natural history and individual history of that species. Sensory enrichment should also be chosen with consideration of what senses are highly developed in the animal. You wouldn’t give a species with poor visibility a visual enrichment item but rather a tactile, olfactory, taste or auditory enrichment. The individual history of the animal consists of characteristics that are specific to that particular animal. These include medical or behavioral issues, concerns or needs.
These environmental manipulations are no longer considered enrichment when they lose their novelty and or the animal becomes habituated or desensitized to the item. Enrichment should be implemented on a variable schedule and in a variety of contexts to ensure necessary stimulation. (AZA, 2009)
The beautiful rainforest of Maui, where the sanctuary is located, provides the monkeys with many different climate gradients, auditory and visual enrichment. Many of our Callitrichids have outdoor greenrooms that provide the monkeys with sensory enrichment. The greenrooms have various lush vegetation and naturally occurring insects that elicits the natural foraging behavior and the capuchins receive citron to elicit the natural grooming behavior. We offer Ti-leaf packages as a form of food presentation enrichment, give the moneys special novel food items on occasion and the daily diet is varied. The caretakers are able to provide additional physical habitat enrichment with enclosure manipulation by re-arranging the perching from time to time and pruning the greenroom plants to create new pathways etc. The monkeys also have social enrichment by living with others of their own kind, and through the caretakers and volunteers.
References
1. Association of Zoos and Aquariums (2009). Enrichment. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www.aza.org/enrichment/
2. Mallapur, A., Choudhury, B.C. (2003). Behavioral Abnormalities in Captive Nonhuman Primates. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(4), 275-284
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun, India
Retrieved February 20,2013, from http://federalcircusbill.com/resources/Mallapur2003.pdf
3. The Shape of Enrichment, Inc. (2013). Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http://www.enrichment.org/
We must fight against the spirit of unconscious cruelty with which we treat the animals. Animals suffer as much as we do. True humanity does not allow us to impose such sufferings on them. It is our duty to make the whole world recognize it. Until we extend our circle of compassion to all living things, humanity will not find peace. ~Albert Schweitzer
We hope you have enjoyed this issue of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s E-Newsletter. Thank you for your support of our life saving work. Because of compassionate people, the Sanctuary can continue to provide a place of peace and happiness for 60 primates saved from research laboratories, animal dealers, and tourist attractions. Here they can heal, form social groups, and live free from exploitation.
Speciesism in the Research Industry
Many of the primates at PPS have been given refuge from research laboratories. There are over 1100 U.S. facilities that test or experiment on animals. According to USDA reports, 1,131,076 animals were used for scientific research in 2009: of those 124,417 were nonhuman primates. The total number of animals used in research, is however grossly misleading- in 1976 an amendment to the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) stated that rats, mice, birds, horses, and farm animals were specifically excluded from the AWA laws and thus do not have to be reported. As these species make up 95% of the animals used in research, it is estimated that 100 million animals are being used in research every year in the United States.Animals in research laboratories are often subjected to tests involving addictive drugs, isolation, water deprivation, and exposure to chemical and biological toxins. The AWA does not place any real restrictions on what can be done during an experiment– in fact the law states: Nothing in this chapter... shall be construed as authorizing the Secretary to promulgate (make) rules, regulations, or orders with regard to the design, outlines, or guidelines of actual research or experimentation by a research facility as determined by such research facility;. In essence, anything can be done to the animals in the name of the experiment- the only things that are guided by the Animal Welfare Act are housing, feeding, watering, procurement, and transport of animals. So, what does that entail? Cages size regulations establish a legal minimum, which is the standard adopted by many labs. These sizes are based on the weight of the animal. For example, a 22-pound monkey is allotted 4.3 square feet. Chimpanzees are allowed a minimum of 5′ x 5′ x 7′ of space. To put this into perspective, imagine living in a space that is only large enough for you to stand up and take a few steps in any direction. Many of these animals spend their lives in these tiny cages, never given the opportunity to feel sunshine, rain or the wind in their fur, and often living in isolation. AWA requirements also stipulate that animals must be provided with adequate food and water, however many laboratories repeatedly restrict access to water or food (basic necessities) in order get the animals to perform tasks. This is not even considered to be a violation of the Animal Welfare Act.
Minimal as these requirements are, further suffering occurs from violations to the AWA. Federal Violation summaries reveal that overall U.S. labs broke the law 1,000 times in one year affecting 24,429 animals. Violations included: deaths caused by starvation, boiling primates in cage washers, administering unapproved toxic chemicals, and inadequate veterinary care.The debate as to whether animals should be used in research is a highly charged one. Proponents state that animal testing is necessary to finding cures for diseases and protecting humans. However, increasing numbers of physicians and scientists are challenging this claim. In fact, in a survey done in England in 2004, 82% of general practitioners said they were concerned that animal data can be misleading when applied to humans.
According to the Medical Research Modernization Committee (MRMC), a group of physicians, scientists and other health care professionals who evaluate the benefits, risks and costs of different health care and medical research method, there is much evidence to support the fact that animal experimentation is insufficient and unreliable. The widely prescribed arthritis painkiller Vioxx appeared safe and even beneficial to the heart in animal tests, but was withdrawn from the market after causing an estimated 320,000 heart attacks, strokes and cases of heart failure worldwide – 140,000 of them fatal. In London in March 2006, a new anti-inflammatory drug called TGN1412 caused devastating reactions including multiple organ failure in all six volunteers in phase 1 clinical trials, despite “proof of safety” established by tests on monkeys who were given 500 times the human dose. In fact, when the MRMC did a survey of ten randomly chosen animal models of human disease- not even one revealed any important contributions to human health.
There are a variety of nonanimal methods that can be used by the research industry. These include Epidemiology (Human Population Studies), patient studies, autopsies and biopsies, computer modeling and microdosing. Many of these options are proving to be far more effective than animal testing. One can only hope that, with increased awareness and advances in science, we will one day soon see an end to animal experimentation.
Every day at Pacific Primate Sanctuary we see the results of animal suffering and abuse. Monkeys have come to us in varying states of distress- missing teeth, fingers and toes, traumatized, afraid, silent and even on death’s door- dying in our hands upon arrival. Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s immediate goal is to end the suffering of some of our fellow beings and return them to a natural state of equilibrium. We strive to provide the optimal environment and devoted care giving so this can occur. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary "surplus" laboratory primates, ex-pets and those confiscated from smugglers will never have to endure pain and exploitation.
You can make a difference by not buying products from companies that test on animals. Below is a short list of Cruelty Free Companies that do not utilize animals for testing
| Alba Botanica | Mary Kay |
| Biokleen | Paul Mitchell |
| Body Bistro | Magick Botanicals |
| Burt’s Bees | Seventh Generation |
| Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps | The Body Shop |
| Hard Candy | Tom's of Maine |
| Hawaiian Resources Company | Sensibility Soaps |
| Kiss My Face | Urban Decay |
| L’Occitane | Sonoma Soap |
| Martha Stewart Clean | Wholefood Farmacy |
| Martha Stewart PETS |
For a complete listing please see http://www.leapingbunny.org/images/cciclist.pdf
References:
http://all-creatures.org/saen/fact-primate-09.html
http://mrmcmed.org/Critcv.html
http://www.curedisease.net/news/040903.shtml
http://harvardmagazine.com/1999/01/mice.html
http://www.kirotv.com/news/15189249/detail.html
WHAT’S HAPPENING at PPS
Hanging Baskets
We created baskets planted with fragrant herbs for the monkeys to explore and enjoy. Margarite and Carlos were the first monkeys to receive a planter. Margarite climbed right in, and began smelling and eating the fresh mint, while also digging through the dirt to find hidden bugs. Carlos was a little hesitant initially, but did hop in for a quick look. To watch their initial reactions, please see this short video clip on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnyU6ybH-E
We created baskets planted with fragrant herbs for the monkeys to explore and enjoy. Margarite and Carlos were the first monkeys to receive a planter. Margarite climbed right in, and began smelling and eating the fresh mint, while also digging through the dirt to find hidden bugs. Carlos was a little hesitant initially, but did hop in for a quick look. To watch their initial reactions, please see this short video clip on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnyU6ybH-E
WAYS YOU CAN HELP the MONKEYS at PPS
Pacific Primate Sanctuary is a small community, made up of about 15 volunteers, doing a big job. We spend very little on fund-raising and administration. We grow most of the fruits and vegetables to feed the monkeys, and the plants to enhance their habitats and enrich their lives. Down to Earth, a health food store donates produce, dairy, grains and nuts, and Aloha to the monkeys weekly. Local businesses give us discounts on goods and services, and our veterinarians donate much of their time and expertise to PPS.
Your donations go directly to caring for the animals.
The monkeys depend upon the support of compassionate people for their survival. Please help the Sanctuary protect the lives of these threatened beings and preserve their species.
With your generous donation, we become a powerful force for Life.
Below are several ways that you can become a partner in our life-saving work.
Gift Contributions
Gift Contributions Certificates are a unique and meaningful gift for birthdays, anniversaries, special occasions or just because! Gift Recipients will receive a beautiful Contribution Certificate showing you have made a donation in their name, along with information about PPS. This thoughtful and significant gift helps to feed and care for threatened, endangered and distressed primates. Please see our website for details:http://www.pacificprimate.org/help.htm
Donating to Pacific Primate Sanctuary can be as simple as an Internet search!
GoodSearch.com has a variety of ways for you to support PPS, all without any additional cost to you! Use their yahoo based search engine, and we get a penny for each search you do. Shop online at hundreds of stores, and a portion of each purchase will be donated to PPS. There is also a dining club, online surveys and online offers. Going on Vacation? Book your flight, hotel, and rental car through GoodTravel. Go to GoodSearch.com, select Pacific Primate Sanctuary as your charity of choice, and start exploring the opportunities! Want to see how much you are helping? Create an account and you can keep track of your donations.
Spread the Word
One great way for you to support the monkeys at Pacific Primate Sanctuary is by sharing information about our refuge with others. Pass this E-Newsletter on to your family and friends and encourage them to “Like” us on Facebook— http://www.facebook.com/PacificPrimateSanctuary
Volunteer Your Time
We are currently in need of more local volunteers! We need Animal Caregivers, Support Staff, Handy people, and Gardeners/Landscapers. Retirees are welcome. If you live on Maui and are interested in becoming one of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s Angels, by volunteering your time and skills, please e-mail us at pps@aloha.net
Mobile Donations
Donating to Pacific Primate Sanctuary just got even easier with our new mobile giving page! Click on the following link on your mobile device, and you can quickly and effortlessly make a contribution to our cause. https://www.paypal-donations.com/pp-charity/web.us/charity_m.jsp?id=41132
Fund a Special Project
Interested in donating to a specific aspect of our work? Pacific Primate Sanctuary is currently raising money to fund our Internship Program, build more Jungle Walkways, purchase Alternative Energy Systems, and we are always in need of funds for General Operations.
Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s Wish List
You can contribute to the monkeys by donating much needed items, including:
-commercial power washer -high quality microscope
- heavy-duty weed eater -gram staining supplies
-gardening supplies & equipment -sewing machine
-small handheld vacuum -construction tools
Please contact us at pps@aloha.net if you have an item you wish to donate!
How to Donate Directly
We deeply appreciate your continued partnership. You, and your family and friends, can make tax-deductible donations to the Sanctuary on our Website: www.pacificprimate.org and on FaceBook, using PayPal, or by sending a check to:
Pacific Primate Sanctuary
500-A Haloa Road
Haiku, HI 96708
500-A Haloa Road
Haiku, HI 96708
With your support, you make everything we do possible!
PPS INTERNSHIP
Introducing our future PPS Intern, Shanika
Shanika will be joining Team PPS as a Resident Intern starting in July, and will be traveling to Maui from England. She has a background in animal care, including over 2 years as a primate caregiver, and 1 year as a veterinary nurse. Shanika first heard about the Internship over a year ago and has been working and saving to come and join us ever since. Shanika is a knowledgeable and dedicated individual, and we know she will be a valuable addition to our Team.Shanika writes:
…I am very honoured to have been chosen for the internship at Pacific Primate Sanctuary from July 2013 to July 2014.
I am a primate carer at heart. Although I have done many other jobs, I am happiest when I am looking after primates and I have been looking for an opportunity to work at such a caring and compassionate place for a long time.
My passion for primates began 7 years ago, when studying behaviour of Sulawesi crested macaques for my dissertation. I find primate interaction and social bonds fascinating and could watch them all day! I am very dedicated to primate conservation and welfare. As well as my dissertation I have studied Purple faced langur monkeys in Sri-Lanka and am currently working on a paper to educate the local people about the desperate need for zoo legislation in the country.
I have 2 1/2 years of primate keeper experience at Howletts wild animal park… I have worked with tamarins previously and I have a basic knowledge of their husbandry and behaviour…
As well as keeper and behavioural study experience, I have a degree in zoology and a year's veterinary nursing experience. My degree has taught me about animal conservation, husbandry and also zoo legislation. From nursing, I am able to fit catheters, administer injections and medication and also monitor animals under anesthetic. I have also been involved in training a diabetic Moloch gibbon to receive insulin injections and have helped to hand rear a Moloch gibbon and Dusky langur infant so if the situation arises I have experience in this department which could potentially be beneficial to you. I am also knowledgeable about primate introductions and moving.
I believe I can learn so much about the animals during my internship…. I wish to learn not only about their husbandry but also to know animals’ individual characteristics and personalities. During my time at PPS I hope to develop as a person and learn skills to make me a more developed and knowledgeable primate caregiver.
I am very dedicated to primate conservation and welfare and I hope to bring all that I have learnt over the past 7 years to your team. Thank you so much for giving me the opportunity to join your amazing team!
CONTINUING EDUCATION
Special Topic: Intern Rachel- Marmosets and Tamarins
Ecological differentiation in the Callitrichidae Ferrari, Stephen F.
People often ask about the differences between marmosets and tamarins. The most basic feature that is used to distinguish between marmosets of the genus Callithrix and tamarins of the genus Saguinus is their dentition. The incisors of marmosets are enlarged, so that they are the same length as the canines. Marmosets actively stimulate tree exudate (gum) flow by biting trees with their anterior teeth. This type of biting behavior is called gouging. Seasonally, exudates comprise a significant part of the marmoset diet suggesting the possibility of natural selective and/or functional adaptive changes related to this feeding behavior. In contrast, the canine teeth of tamarins are longer than the incisors, which means that they can inflict a deeper bite but do not possess the specialized teeth for gouging. Tamarins do feed on exudates but must do so opportunistically.
Body size is also a differentiator. Generally, tamarins are larger then marmosets. The smallest tamarins are the saddleback tamarins, which are about the same size as most marmosets. It is thought that the process of dwarfism characterizes the evolutionary history of the whole family. The general thought is that the common ancestor of all Callitrichids would have been a similar size to the largest present day tamarins.
Marmosets are in the genus Callithrix. Some species overlap in certain regions in South America, resulting in intergrades or hybrids. For example, the black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and the white-tufted marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) overlap in an area in southern Bahia. A marmoset in the overlapping area may be considered a hybrid, a sub-species, or a separate species, Callithrix kuhli. There are hybrids between other Callithrix species, as well. The Geoffroy's marmoset (C geoffroyi) also shows intergrades between C penicillata and C jacchus, where the ranges overlap. Other marmosets include the pygmy marmoset, (C pygmaea), C aurita, C flaviceps, C argentata, C humeralifer, C mauesi, and C nigriceps. The Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldi) has its own genus and species, and it is quite different from the Callithrix group as it usually has only one offspring at a time as opposed to twins, and has many anatomical and physiological differences as well.
Most of the tamarins are members of the genus Saguinus. The red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas) is threatened in its range in Surinam. The cotton-topped tamarin (S oedipus) is endangered, as defined by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Geoffroy's tamarin (S geoffroyi) is also endangered. The moustache tamarin (S mystax) is primarily black, with white hair on the upper lip, which creates a moustache-type appearance. Other tamarins are the saddle-backed tamarin (S fuscicollis) and the white-mouthed tamarin (S nigricollis, S labiatus, and S bicolor), the well-known golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), black lion tamarin, (L chrysopygus), black-faced lion tamarin, (L caissara), and the golden headed lion tamarin, (L chrysomelas).
We house cotton-top tamarins and one saddleback tamarins here at the Sanctuary. We also house white-tufted, black-tufted and Weid’s marmosets.
-Rylands, A.B. Marmosets and Tamarins. Systematics, Behavior, and Ecology. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Special Topic: Intern Edie
Enrichment: What is it and why is it important for captive exotics?
As caretakers it is our responsibility to identify and satisfy the physiological, behavioral and psychological needs of those animals in our care. Through proper husbandry and a maintained standard we can provide for the physiological needs. Psychological care is also incredibly important for the maintenance, health and well being of captive exotics. By presenting animals with a healthy stimulating environment we can minimize or diminish stereotypical behaviors. Stereotypical behaviors can include repetitive or abnormal behaviors, or can be naturally occurring behaviors that are not exhibited with normal variation. Low sensory input levels hinder normal behavioral patterns and the lack of sensory input can lead to the development of stereotypical behaviors or behavioral pathologies. (Mallapur, A., Choudhury, B.C. (2003) Stereotypical behaviors commonly seen in primates include repetitive stereotyped movements, self-mutilation, abnormal maternal care, and regurgitation.
We can provide a stimulating healthy environment for captive animals through the use of behavioral enrichment (BE) also known as environmental enrichment. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) uses the following definition to define enrichment as a “dynamic process for enhancing animal environments within the context of the animals’ behavioral biology and natural history.” (AZA, 2009) Enrichment contributes to psychological health by allowing us the ability to manipulate the animal’s captive environment in a way that would allow the animal the opportunity to exhibit or mimic natural specie specific behaviors. The goal of these environmental changes is to increase the animal’s behavioral choices, elicit species appropriate behaviors and in effect enhance animal welfare. (AZA, 2009) Behavioral enrichment makes the captive environment more variable and less predictable and helps to stimulate appropriate levels of activity and expression of natural behaviors and in turn help minimize the expression of stereotypical behaviors. There are five recognized categories of enrichment: Physical, Sensory, Social, Food, Cognitive. (The Shape of Enrichment, 2013) These categories are utilized to enhance the behavioral, physical, social, cognitive, and psychological well being of the animals. (AZA, 2009) They should be utilized in a holistic manner with overlap for a successful enrichment plan (The Shape of Enrichment, 2013).
The following chart is from The Shape of Enrichment LLC. Website (2013)
In order to effectively provide for the animals’ needs we must be knowledgeable on both the natural and individual histories of the species in our care. The natural history of a species refers to the specie’s characteristics. Are they arboreal or terrestrial, nocturnal or diurnal, foragers or predators etc. When designing and implementing enrichment you must take into account the natural history and individual history of that species. Sensory enrichment should also be chosen with consideration of what senses are highly developed in the animal. You wouldn’t give a species with poor visibility a visual enrichment item but rather a tactile, olfactory, taste or auditory enrichment. The individual history of the animal consists of characteristics that are specific to that particular animal. These include medical or behavioral issues, concerns or needs.
These environmental manipulations are no longer considered enrichment when they lose their novelty and or the animal becomes habituated or desensitized to the item. Enrichment should be implemented on a variable schedule and in a variety of contexts to ensure necessary stimulation. (AZA, 2009)
The beautiful rainforest of Maui, where the sanctuary is located, provides the monkeys with many different climate gradients, auditory and visual enrichment. Many of our Callitrichids have outdoor greenrooms that provide the monkeys with sensory enrichment. The greenrooms have various lush vegetation and naturally occurring insects that elicits the natural foraging behavior and the capuchins receive citron to elicit the natural grooming behavior. We offer Ti-leaf packages as a form of food presentation enrichment, give the moneys special novel food items on occasion and the daily diet is varied. The caretakers are able to provide additional physical habitat enrichment with enclosure manipulation by re-arranging the perching from time to time and pruning the greenroom plants to create new pathways etc. The monkeys also have social enrichment by living with others of their own kind, and through the caretakers and volunteers.
References
1. Association of Zoos and Aquariums (2009). Enrichment. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www.aza.org/enrichment/
2. Mallapur, A., Choudhury, B.C. (2003). Behavioral Abnormalities in Captive Nonhuman Primates. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(4), 275-284
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun, India
Retrieved February 20,2013, from http://federalcircusbill.com/resources/Mallapur2003.pdf
3. The Shape of Enrichment, Inc. (2013). Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http://www.enrichment.org/
We must fight against the spirit of unconscious cruelty with which we treat the animals. Animals suffer as much as we do. True humanity does not allow us to impose such sufferings on them. It is our duty to make the whole world recognize it. Until we extend our circle of compassion to all living things, humanity will not find peace. ~Albert Schweitzer
We hope you have enjoyed this issue of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s E-Newsletter. Thank you for your support of our life saving work. Because of compassionate people, the Sanctuary can continue to provide a place of peace and happiness for 60 primates saved from research laboratories, animal dealers, and tourist attractions. Here they can heal, form social groups, and live free from exploitation.
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