Thursday, August 23, 2012

Primate Update E-Newsletter, Vol. 4, Issue 8, Part 1



WHAT’S HAPPENING at PPS

Two cotton top tamarins, who spent their entire lives in research laboratories and were finally coming to Pacific Primate Sanctuary, died en-route. The airline has not responded to our inquiries. Our veterinarian says: Two endangered primates enter alive and leave dead. Not coincidence. This is an issue that is preventable and deserves attention and action immediately.  Please sign our on-line petition at: http://www.change.org/petitions/two-endangered-tamarins-die-on-continental-cargo-flight

Fern and Xylophone found a safe haven at Pacific Primate Sanctuary in 2009.  Their history is exceptionally similar to Scooter and Indigo’s- both pairs of critically endangered cotton top tamarins were born at the same laboratory, and were later both moved to research facilities in Ohio, and were examined by the same Veterinarian before being sent to PPS.  Fern and Xylophone made it here safely, and have spent the last three years healing. We seen an amazing transformation as they have gained weight and their coats have become shiny and healthy. Most importantly, they have been able to live outdoors. We watched with joy as they took their first tentative steps outside and within days were exploring the trees and plants, sitting joyfully in the sun, and looking up with wonder as light drops of rain fell onto their bodies. 
It is heartbreaking that Scooter and Indigo were not able to experience the same rehabilitation. After 17 years in windowless laboratories, they were finally on their way to a place of peace. This opportunity was stolen from them as their lives ended tragically in the cargo hold of an airplane. Please help us put a stop to such calamities, make your voice heard by signing the petition. We need 420 more signatures to reach 1,000! (http://www.change.org/petitions/two-endangered-tamarins-die-on-continental-cargo-flight)
Please add your comments to the petition. This comment was written by Nedim C. Buyukmihci, V.M.D., Emeritus Professor of Veterinary Medicine, University of California:
 Although I accept that there are times when using the airlines to transport non-human beings is practically unavoidable, it is unacceptable that individuals, particularly those who have been examined and found to be healthy, should die. There is no excuse for this. Consider that the airlines transport millions of people yearly without them dying. Would anyone accept that it is okay that a "few" succumb as long as it was below a certain percentage? The fact that non-human beings die regularly during air travel shows that the manner in which they are transported is fundamentally flawed. The airlines charge an exorbitant amount to transport these individuals, often more than they do human passengers. They must provide conditions for non-human passengers that are as secure and safe as those for human passengers.

We can change federal regulations!
Synchronistically, the Department of Transportation is currently revising its requirements for reporting animal injuries and deaths. They are only considering pet dogs and cats “animals”, so the airlines will not be required to report the injuries or deaths of other nonhuman beings.

Would you please offer your comments to the Department of Transportation, letting them know that ALL animal injuries or deaths must be reported by the airlines and their definition of “animal” must be expanded, beyond dogs and cats, to include all animals transported by the airline companies.

The comment form for the proposed rule is at regulations.gov:
http://www.regulations.gov/#!submitComment;D=DOT-OST-2010-0211-0008

PPS PRIMATES in the SPOTLIGHT

Happy Birthday Emilio and Little Bea!
Emilio and Little Bea are white-tufted eared marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) who just turned 7 on August 18th. 

Their birth was a very difficult one, and sadly, their mother Blanche passed away shortly after they were born.  The tiny infants latched onto their father, Ernesto, who quickly became “Super Dad” caring for twins with the utmost attention. Sanctuary volunteers lent him a helping hand, providing the infants with the nourishment they needed.


Help us continue to provide a home for Emilio and Little Bea. Please donate now at: http://www.pacificprimate.org/help-donate.htm



SANCTUARY NEWS

Anna and Melia
Cotton top tamarins, Anna and Melia, were each left alone and distressed after the passing of their partners last month.  Young Melia, who has never been alone before, was calling out and searching her enclosure. Knowing that she needed the support of another monkey, we moved Anna in front of Melia.  Both monkeys immediately showed interest in each other, and their signs of distress stopped. They have now been paired for over a month and are getting along very well, and enjoying each other’s company!


This month we mourn the passing of beloved Enzo. 
Enzo, a white-tufted eared marmoset, was born at PPS.  His father, Lucian was rescued from a research laboratory, and his mother, Olivia was cross-fostered by volunteers when her mother died in childbirth. 

Enzo was a quiet, mellow monkey.  He spent most of his time in his outdoor enclosure, basking in the warm sunshine with his partner Zoey. Enzo became ill and was diagnosed with heart disease. Sadly, he passed away on July 25th. 

We held a memorial ceremony to honor Enzo, Lazero and Magnus, who passed away last month, and Scooter and Indigo, the two critically endangered cotton top tamarins who died en-route to PPS.

As we gathered around the graves, we laughed and cried together as we shared their stories and remembered their lives. We planted Ti for each monkey who passed away, marking each with a beautiful rock painted with each of their names.

Tragically, Scooter and Indigo died without being able to spend their remaining years at Pacific Primate Sanctuary. (For a full story please go to: http://www.change.org/petitions/two-endangered-tamarins-die-on-continental-cargo-flight). Although, we didn’t have the opportunity to provide them with the life they deserved, we will do everything possible to prevent such disastrous mistakes from happening again.


Words of Appreciation for Pacific Primate Sanctuary

What you are doing at the Sanctuary fills my heart with hope…it is rare to find others that truly make the care for the animals, for whom we serve as caretakers and stewards, about them.  This is truly about their story and never about us.  I cannot express what’s in my heart to find that in you and what you are doing there.  THANK YOU!!    -Gena, Ben and Greg


Welcome to our new Volunteers— Daniela and Rachel
We are happy to announce that two new Animal Caregiver Volunteers have joined our Team!
Daniela has over 20 years of experience working in field based ecology all over the world, and has a PhD in Zoology.  Much of her research has focused on Marine Mammals. Daniela also has caretaking experience, including primates, at various zoos and Nature Centers.  She is volunteering on Saturday afternoons.

Rachel is coming in for the Thursday morning shift.  She has spent much of her life caring for horses, but this is her first experience working with primates.  Rachel is currently earning her degree in biology. Interns Mary and Stephanie report that Daniela and Rachel’s training is going extremely well and everyone is very pleased to have them at PPS.

This Blog and its content is copyright of Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc.—
© Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc., 2009. All rights reserved.
Any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited other than the following:
you may print or download to a local hard disk extracts for your personal and non-commercial use only
you may copy the content to individual third parties for their personal use, but only if you acknowledge the website as the source of the material
You may not, except with our express written permission, distribute or commercially exploit the content. Nor may you transmit it or store it in any other website or other form of electronic retrieval system.


Primate Update E-Newsletter, Vol. 4, Issue 8, Part 2



WAYS YOU CAN HELP the MONKEYS at PPS

Volunteer Your Time
We are currently in need of more local volunteers! We need Animal Caregivers, Handy people, and Gardeners/Landscapers. Retirees are welcome. If you live on Maui and are interested in becoming one of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s Angels, by volunteering your time and skills, please e-mail us at pps@aloha.net



Spread the Word
One of the easiest ways for you to support the monkeys at Pacific Primate Sanctuary is by sharing information about our refuge with others.  Pass this E-Newsletter on to your family and friends and encourage them to “Like” us on Facebook— http://www.facebook.com/PacificPrimateSanctuary

Looking for a Meaningful Gift?
You can make a donation in honor of a friend or family member and we will send them a beautiful Contribution Certificate to commemorate your gift. Just send your donation, along with the name and contact information for the person you wish to receive the certificate.  Contribution Certificates make wonderful gifts for any special occasion. The support of compassionate people is what keeps our good work going. Please help us continue to protect and conserve the beings with whom we share the Earth.





Donating to Pacific Primate Sanctuary can be as simple as doing an Internet search, or shopping online- two things that you are probably already doing!
Visit GoodSearch.com and designate Pacific Primate Sanctuary as your charity of choice and get started using this wonderful program.  Each time you do a search using GoodSearch, or shop online using GoodShop, a contribution will be made to PPS!


How to Donate Directly
We deeply appreciate your contributions to the monkeys. You and your family and friends, can make tax-deductible donations on our Website: www.pacificprimate.org and on FaceBook, using PayPal, or by sending a check to:

Pacific Primate Sanctuary
500-A Haloa Road
 Haiku, HI 96708

With your support, you make everything we do possible!


PPS Internship

Congratulations Stephanie on Graduating from EC Training!
Intern Stephanie has completed her Emergency Care training.  During this module, Stephanie has learned how to provide special individualized care, including checking vital signals, utilizing medical records, administering subcutaneous fluids, syringe feeding medications and foods, and how to use the incubator.  During the next module of her training, Stephanie will focus on colony management, volunteer training, and overseeing facility care and maintenance.  In this module, PPS Interns begin to gain advanced mastery of Sanctuary management, eventually stepping up as a Primary Animal Caregiver.


Farewell Intern Annabel
Intern Annabel has just completed her one-year Internship.  She has been a valuable asset to the Sanctuary team, and will be missed by everyone at PPS.  She is very inventive, and has amazing abilities in design and construction.  She has outfitted and customized the monkeys’ enclosures, always paying close attention to their individual needs.  Annabel designed and created a catch cage that fits right over the monkeys’ nest boxes, which allows us to catch monkeys while they are sleeping with no stress to the animal!  This is very beneficial when we are moving and pairing monkeys, or when they need intensive care.

Annabel has a positive and warm presence, which makes new Volunteers and Interns feel welcome. She is a wonderful trainer, fully involving new trainees by asking questions and encouraging them to be hands on. Prior to coming to PPS, Annabel had worked with gorillas.  During her internship, she has gained much knowledge about the care of small new world primates and has become a very competent and observant caregiver. She has also spent time researching social grouping, antibiotic use, and geriatric care in marmosets and tamarins. This information will help us to improve our ability to care for the animals, now and in the future.  Although Annabel will be returning to England, a part of her will remain here at Pacific Primate Sanctuary through the positive contributions she has made.

Annabel Writes:
I am so sad that my time here at PPS has come to an end. It has been one of the most rewarding years of my life and the experience I have had here will stay with me forever.  When I first arrived I remember being struck at how little the monkeys were.  As time went on and I began to get to know each individual, I realized what huge personalities each individual monkey has.  I love going over in the morning to see the monkeys and they are all up and ready for the day.  When it is time for final walkthrough, the best thing is seeing all of their little faces poking out of their sleeping cubes.  One of my best memories was New Year ’s Day, when we thought that Olivia wouldn’t make it.  I was so sad and was checking my phone every five minutes to see if she had passed.  By the end of the day she had made almost a complete recovery and was eating egg like a champ.  It was the best start to the New Year that anyone could ask for. 

Mahalo to Erin and Lucy for keeping the sanctuary running so smoothly and making sure the monkeys have nice warm homes where they are safe from the outside world.  The sanctuary could not exist without you both.  Mahalo to my fellow interns past and present.  The dedication that you bring to the job is inspiring and without you guys the sanctuary could not run as smoothly as it does.  Mahalo to the volunteers, your help is much appreciated and it is always a joy to meet people that are as dedicated to the care of these monkeys are as much as I am.  Finally, a huge mahalo to the monkeys for teaching me the true meaning of compassion, and for making every day of this year a wonderful one.  I love you all and will be back in the not too distant future.

Farewell Annabel, we will look forward to your return.


Introducing our New Intern, Holly:
Holly will be joining Team PPS as our September 2012-2013 Resident Intern.  Holly has always had a passion for primates, and has a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology, with a focus on animal behavior. For the last 10 years, Holly has been working as a Graphic Designer, often volunteering her skills to help various animal shelters and animal protection agencies, assisting them with outreach, marketing and advertising. 

She now is eager to pursue her goal of working with, and caring for primates. In her cover letter Holly writes:  My dream is to spend each and everyday with primates assisting in their comfort, care and dignity in a sanctuary environment.”

Holly just completed a summer internship at a chimpanzee sanctuary, and is excited to learn about New World Primates here at Pacific Primate Sanctuary.

In her Acceptance letter, Holly writes:
Words cannot express the emotions I’m feeling as I begin upon this journey. My goals for the year are about learning what it takes to be a full-time caretaker in a lead position with full responsibilities.  I’m very excited to learn and perform at my best. I intend on being responsible, dependable and helpful to humans and primates alike. No job is too small or too large when you have the right attitude. I also intend on maintaining a positive demeanor so that we can have the best possible environment for the monkeys!… I’m so very excited to serve the monkeys in the sanctuary with the best care that I can provide. I can’t thank you enough for this amazing opportunity and feel so very blessed and lucky to have this journey begin.



This Blog and its content is copyright of Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc.—
© Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc., 2009. All rights reserved.
Any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited other than the following:
you may print or download to a local hard disk extracts for your personal and non-commercial use only
you may copy the content to individual third parties for their personal use, but only if you acknowledge the website as the source of the material
You may not, except with our express written permission, distribute or commercially exploit the content. Nor may you transmit it or store it in any other website or other form of electronic retrieval system.

Primate Update E-Newsletter, Vol. 4, Issue 8, Part 3


CONTINUING EDUCATION

Special Topic: Intern Stephanie- Marmosets and Tamarins:
Chapter 15: Ecological differentiation in the Callitrichidae by Stephen F. Ferrari 

Introduction
The family Callitrichidae includes cotton top tamarins, white-tufted eared marmosets, black-tufted eared marmosets, Wied’s marmosets, and saddleback tamarins, which are the five species found here at the sanctuary.  While all callitrichids share several characteristics, when you look at all the individual species in the family it becomes apparent that along with all of their similarities there are distinct differences.

Gum Exploits in callitrichids
Dental morphology varies within Callitrichidae. Short-tusked marmosets have teeth designed for bark gouging, which is needed to exploit plant exudates. Tamarins, on the other end of the spectrum, do not have specialized teeth for bark gouging; they feed on exudates opportunistically. The variation seen in gum feeding is not only seen between marmosets and tamarins, but also among tamarins (Saguinus). Saddleback tamarins (S. fuscicollis) are reported to be more gumnivorous than other Saguinus species.  Data on gut morphology and digestive efficiency suggest that S. fuscicollis is less specialized for eating gums than marmosets, but there is no evidence to confirm that they are more equipped than other tamarins.

Foraging strategies in lion tamarins and saddleback tamarins
All members of the Callitrichidae family forage for insects in tree crowns using “scan and pounce” or “leaf-gleaning” techniques. Unlike other Saguinus species, lion tamarins and saddleback tamarins employ a more manipulative form of foraging, which means they examine a variety of different microhabitats when searching for prey and use their long fingers to catch small, cryptic prey hiding in crevices, under leaves, and in dense growth. Both saddleback and lion tamarins capture larger prey compared to other callitrichids, which can be attributed to their manipulative form of foraging. Lion tamarins seem to be morphologically specialized for this type of foraging, saddleback tamarins are as well, but not to the same degree. Though they have similar foraging patterns lion tamarins and saddleback tamarins differ in other ways. Aside from being the largest and smallest of the genus Saguinus, respectively, lion tamarins occupy a higher stratum in the forest, while saddle back tamarins use a lower strata.  These differences may have other implications in terms of their ecological behaviors. Lion tamarins have a relatively inflexible ecology and have a more restricted distribution, while saddleback tamarins are among the most widely distributed callitrichids.

Variation in body size
The small size of marmosets and tamarins gives them an advantage in attaining food. They can survive on smaller more energy rich sources for long periods of time. This allows them to experience a lower level of competition with larger animals. These animals are not interested in these smaller resources, because it is not practical to expel more energy on a smaller resource. For example, the spider monkeys and the capuchins at the sanctuary would have to eat a much larger amount of fruit to get enough energy compared to the marmosets and tamarins. Callitrichids benefit from their small body size and looking at the variation within the family (weights of 100g-400g) we can see that all callitrichids have found a way to use their ecological difference to survive in the wild.

-Rylands, A.B. Marmosets and Tamarins. Systematics, Behavior, and Ecology. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1993.


Special Topic: Intern Mary- The Complete Capuchin
Taxonomy, distribution, and conservation: where and what are they and how did they get there?
Capuchin monkeys are distributed throughout Central and South America. Capuchins belong to the genus Cebus and several species fall within the genus. C. capucinus, commonly known as the white-faced or white-throated capuchin is the species present here at Pacific Primate Sanctuary.
The white-faced capuchin is the only species found in Central America with a distribution ranging from Honduras through Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and slightly into South America around Ecuador. Capuchins are extremely adaptable and occupy every type of Neotropical forest, from humid and dry tropical forests to deciduous forest with very little rainfall. They use all levels of the forest canopy and will spend time on the ground to travel, forage, and drink. The amount of time spent at each level of the forest does however vary from species to species.

Habitat destruction is the main factor causing a decline in capuchin monkey populations today. This destruction began in the 1500s and has placed Atlantic forest into one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world. Neotropical forests continue to be cut down at present for several reasons including logging, clear-cutting for agriculture, flooding for hydroelectric projects, and road building. Slash and burn agriculture, the deliberate burning of land to replenish nutrients to the soil, causes runaway fires which in turn destroy larger amounts of forest. These types of destruction result in fragmented forest, small islands of forested areas, which are unable to support primate populations causing the primates to enter into agricultural areas.

Agricultural areas create easy access for hunters, and makes capuchins, as well as several other New World primate species, easy targets not only to be used as food but also to be placed into the pet trade. Efforts to restore and conserve the habitat of capuchin monkeys and to control the capture and trade of these species have slowly begun to regenerate capuchin populations and will hopefully continue to do so in the future.

Prospero and Miracle, the two capuchins here at Pacific Primate Sanctuary, where both born at the sanctuary and did not undergo the traumatic experience of being taken from the wild. They are able to enjoy a stable enriching environment here at PPS with natural plants, a varied diet, and the ability to socialize with each other. Their outdoor enclosure provides them with a variety of levels similar to that of a natural forest and they can be seen throughout the day exploring all of these levels.

-Fragaszy, D.M., Visalberghi, E., Fedigan, L.M. (2004) The Complete Capuchin: The
Biology of the Genus Cebus. UK. Cambridge University Press


Special Topic: Intern Annabel- Antibiotic Classification and Use
Antibiotics We Use at PPS
As we saw in last month’s article, different antibiotics have different uses.  Below, is a list of the antibiotics that we typically use at PPS, and the illnesses they treat. We use certain types of antibiotics more than others for several reasons, including past success rates, possible side affects, and the best combat for certain types of bacteria.

Amoxicillin is rarely used at PPS.  It is a moderate spectrum antibiotic.  It can be used for the treatment of urinary tract, skin, and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms.

The most common antibiotic that we use at Pacific Primate Sanctuary is Clavamox.  Clavamox is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.  It can be used to treat a number of things.  It is given to monkeys that have sustained injuries to help prevent infection or fight off early stages of infection.  It is used to combat cold and flu like symptoms.  It is used to treat tooth abscesses and other minor or undetermined infections.

Ciprofloxacin is another common antibiotic used at PPS.  Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic of the fluroquinolone drug class.  It kills bacteria by interfering with the enzymes that cause DNA to rewind after being copied, which stops the synthesis in DNA and protein.  It is used for diarrhea with blood with blood and/or mucous with a foul odor (bacterial stomach infection).

Doxycycline is an antibiotic that can be used to treat a variety of infections including E-coli infections; Lyme disease; urinary tract infections; upper respiratory infections; and MASA infections.  Its most common use here at PPS is to treat bacterial digestive tract infections.  It can be used in the place of Erythromycin.

Enrofloxacin (Baytril) is another antibiotic that is rarely used at PPS.  It is used to treat a broad spectrum of infections including salmonella, staphylococcus, and mycobacterium.  It is administered as an intramuscular (IM) injection.  This enables it to get antibiotics into the body faster so can be used in more urgent cases.

Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. It is used to treat campylobacter.  It must be diagnosed and suggested by a vet. If Erythromycin is unavailable, Doxycycline can be used instead.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal. It is the drug of choice for first episodes of mild-to-moderate Clostridium difficile infection. It is used to treat severe bouts of loose stool.  We typically use Metronidazole here at PPS when a culture from the vet indicates that there is no obvious bacterial infection is seen in monkeys. 

-Wikipedia
-Antibiotics, Todar, 2000
-http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Antibiotics






I don't know what your destiny will be, but one thing I do know: the only ones among you who will be really happy are those who have sought and found how to serve.  
                          — Albert Schweitzer, philosopher, physician, musician, Nobel laureate


We hope you have enjoyed this issue of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s E-Newsletter. Thank you for your support of our life saving work. Because of compassionate people, the Sanctuary can continue to provide a place of peace and happiness for 70 primates saved from research laboratories, animal dealers, and tourist attractions. Here they can heal, form social groups, and live free from exploitation.

This Blog and its content is copyright of Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc.—
© Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc., 2009. All rights reserved.
Any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited other than the following:
you may print or download to a local hard disk extracts for your personal and non-commercial use only
you may copy the content to individual third parties for their personal use, but only if you acknowledge the website as the source of the material
You may not, except with our express written permission, distribute or commercially exploit the content. Nor may you transmit it or store it in any other website or other form of electronic retrieval system.